Diabetes is a chronic condition affecting millions of Americans, with over 37 million diagnosed and nearly 9 million unaware they have it. Each November, Diabetes Awareness Month aims to raise awareness about this growing health issue, emphasizing early detection, prevention and effective management of diabetes.
Diabetes affects how your body processes sugar (glucose), its main source of energy. Normally, the body uses insulin to help glucose move from the bloodstream into cells for energy. However, when your body can't produce enough insulin or use it effectively, blood sugar levels rise, leading to diabetes. There are three main types: Type 1, Type 2 and gestational.
In Type 1 diabetes, your pancreas doesn't make insulin, necessitating insulin therapy to manage blood sugar. This form often presents early in life and comes with symptoms like extreme hunger, weight loss and frequent urination. In contrast, Type 2 diabetes which accounts for the majority of cases, occurs when your body becomes resistant to insulin. Type 2 develops gradually, and symptoms such as fatigue and blurred vision may go unnoticed initially.
Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy due to insulin resistance caused by hormonal changes. Typically diagnosed during routine screenings in the second trimester, it usually resolves after birth. However, women who experience gestational diabetes face a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
Early diagnosis of diabetes is crucial in preventing complications such as heart disease, kidney disease, nerve damage and vision problems. Regular screenings are essential, particularly for adults aged 35 to 75 who are overweight or obese. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends these screenings to catch prediabetes or Type 2 diabetes early.
Once diagnosed, managing diabetes becomes part of daily life, but with the right tools and support, you can live a healthy and fulfilling life. Your health care team will create a personalized plan, typically including lifestyle changes, blood sugar monitoring and possibly medication.
Managing diabetes starts with lifestyle adjustments, and nutrition plays a critical role. Maintaining a balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables and lean proteins can help regulate blood sugar levels. Establishing a regular eating schedule also prevents spikes and dips in blood sugar.
Regular physical activity is another key component. Exercise - such as aerobic workouts, strength training, and staying active throughout the day - not only helps control blood sugar but also supports overall cardiovascular health and aids in maintaining a healthy weight. Reaching or maintaining a healthy weight further improves blood glucose control, reduces cholesterol and lowers blood pressure. Even a modest weight loss of 5 to 10 percent can significantly impact managing Type 2 diabetes.
In addition to lifestyle adjustments, regularly monitoring your blood sugar is essential for understanding how different foods, activities and medications affect your condition. For those with Type 1 diabetes, insulin therapy is critical. People with Type 2 diabetes may also need medication to manage their condition if lifestyle changes alone aren't enough. Whether prescribed insulin or oral medications, taking your medications as directed is vital to avoid potential complications.
Diabetes is a chronic condition, and poorly managed diabetes can lead to serious health complications. By adhering to your treatment plan and attending regular check-ups with your health care provider, you can catch and address potential issues early. It's also essential to take special care of your feet and teeth, as diabetes increases the risk of infections and complications in these areas.
Diabetes is complex, but you do not have to navigate this journey alone. Your health care team, including primary care providers, diabetes educators, dietitians and pharmacists, is there to provide resources and support. Together, they can help you make informed decisions about your health, answer your questions and assist in managing your condition effectively. Early detection and proactive management are vital to living a fulfilling life with diabetes.
- Jessica Zlotek, RD, LDN, is a registered dietitian nutritionist with UChicago Medicine AdventHealth Medical Group in Hinsdale.
